Global warming global trend Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global warming global trend - Thesis Example Conversely, there are people who believe that global warming is a myth. According to these people, the earth has witnessed close to 63 alterations between cold and warm climates over the last 1.6 million years. They believe that none of these indications or alterations was caused by changes in the levels of carbon dioxide due to human activity. According to Edmund Contoski (2010), global warming is not scientifically proven because the earth periodically experiences climate change (Gale Cengage Learning 1). This topic was chosen because of the differing views on the cause of global warming. It was also selected in order to research views on global warming that are not popular or mainstream. The first article that will be analyzed is an article by Gale Cengage Learning. The article published in 2010 states that global warming is a myth. The article is based on the observations of Edmund Contoski who found that over the last 1.6 million years, earth has experienced changing climatic conditions. These changes were not caused by an increase in carbon dioxide levels due to human activities. According to Gale Cengage Learning, global warming has not been scientifically proven to show that humans cause the changes in climatic conditions. This article is logically structured because it begins with an abstract that outlines the main arguments and the direction that the article will take. Before the introduction, the author asks readers to consider three questions. Thereafter, the article proceeds to show that there is no connection between global warming and the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. According to Edmund and Gale (2010), manmade emissions of greenhouse gase s such as carbon dioxide significantly increased after the period of global industrialization. Since this period, the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have increased steadily. Approximately

White Males Essay Example for Free

White Males Essay What is white male privilege? It is important that white male privilege is defined because the majority of whites males want to deny that it exists at all. The denial of its existence by white people is racialized. People of color say white people enjoy white privilege while white people deny, as often as possible, that they have it and that such a power structure exists. Before defining White male privilege we must first understand the idea of privilege in an anti-oppression setting. Privilege is defined my the webster dictionary as a right or immunity granted as a peculiar benefit, advantage, or favor. It is a status that is conferred by society to certain groups. â€Å"It’s about advantages you have that you think are normal. † When this idea is applied to a certain group of people rather than others you begin to see a social polarization, one group that benefits from the privilege and another group that is setback by it. To understand white male privilege one must first understand each factor of privilege, how they work together, and how they effect society. White male privilege is made up of two different privileges, white privilege which is defined by race and male privilege which is defined by gender. White privilege is defined (Clark, 2005), as (1a) a right, advantage, or immunity granted to or enjoyed by white persons beyond the common advantage of all others; an exemption in many particular cases from certain burdens or liabilities. (b) A special advantage or benefit of Stephens 2 white persons; with reference to divine dispensations, natural advantages, gifts of fortune, genetic endowments, social relations, etc. (2a) A privileged position; the possession of an advantage white persons enjoy over non-white persons. (3a) The special right or immunity attaching to white persons as a social relation; prerogative. (b) Display of white privilege, a social expression of a white person or persons demanding to be treated as a member or members of the socially privileged class. (4a) To authorize or license of white person or persons what is forbidden or wrong for non-whites; to justify, excuse. (b) To give white persons special freedom or immunity from some liability or burden to which non-white persons are subject; to exempt. Peggy McIntosh describes white privilege as â€Å"an invisible weightless knapsack of special previsions† in the sense that white privilege provides the beneficiary with advantages that they don’t realize others lack. These advantages can range from being late and not have that count against your race to not worrying if your skin tone makes you the target of police brutality. Many whites against the idea of white privilege believe that the notion of racial preference originated with affirmative action programs and that is should be dismantled to address the issue of privilege. Others against white privilege simply believe it is a myth to essentially make them feel bad for there â€Å"ancestor mistakes†. Most people do not fully understand the privileges that they benefit from so they can not ever truly except this reality. Most men feel this way when they are presented with the idea of male privilege for the first time. Male privilege is a set of privileges that are given to men due to their institutional power in relation to women. While every man experiences privilege differently due to his Stephens 3 own individual position in the social hierarchy, every man, who is seen as male by society, benefits from male privilege. Male privilege branches out over all men no matter what there race, class, or sexuality is. In our patriarchal society male privilege is a bit more inherent. Female workers are, on average, are paid more than 20 percent less than their male components doing the exact same thing. Male privilege can be found in most things in our lives from tv and entertainment all the way to mannerism and how we hold ourselves in our day to day lives. Now that both white and male privilege have been defined we can go into detail about how the both are intertwined White male privilege is an institutionalized power structure in which white males are at the apex of the social pyramid. White males have a very disproportional amount of power compared to women and people of color. Some people would describe being a white male as â€Å"the lowest difficulty setting in a game call the real world†. Both white and male privilege are the most prevalent advantages throughout time. Those who are opposed to this say that white male privilege is a thing of the past and is no longer relevant because we live in a post racial society where citizens may create their own destinies. With Barack Obama as president they believe any structure that existed before hand is nullified by the presence of an African american president. To some white male privilege provides a group with advantages they don’t realize they have. Unchecked it can be used deny it’s very existence with ignorance. The them the best way to combat this issue is to face it head. It’s hard to acknowledge some you don’t you have or why you have it. If people were more aware of their privileges they could find ways to end them or Stephens 4 even making them a common thing provided for others no matter what your race, gender, or sexual preference was. To others white male privilege is nothing but an illusion. They believe that in a post racial society privilege is what you make of it and we all are equal. Some would even go as far to say that white privilege is nothing but a crutch people of color use to take advantage of the white people. Now that I’ve defined Privilege whether it be male privilege or white, showed examples of it in our day to day life , and described it implications on society how will you perceive it? Will you go out teach others about this invisible advantage or will you see it as anything else that’s invisible.

Humanised Organs Can Be Grown In Animals :: Stem Cell Research Biology Science Essays

Humanised Organs Can Be Grown In Animals Ever since stem cell research has been discovered there have been many controversial arguments discussing whether or not this method is okay to use when dealing with patients. Research on stem cells is advancing knowledge about how an organism develops from a single cell and how healthy cells replace damaged cells in adult organisms. Since it was discovered, stem cell research is coming a very long way, even though these processes probably won’t be experimented in humans years for decades. Right now in stem cell research we are extracting stem cells from humans bone marrow and inserting them into animal fetus's before the immune system can learn the difference between it's own cells and foreign cells. The plan is to grow more human stem cells in animal organs than animal cells so we can perform organ transplants to replace damaged organs with the animal's organs. The only problem about this, is a rejection of the animal portion of cells in the human body. This means that the cells in our body could attack this new organ. Although, this therapy is still years away, the beginning processes have been started by a team led by Esmail Zanjani at the University of Nevada. Zanjani’s team hopes that the animal-human organs they are working on will have compatible new cells that are exactly the same as a patient’s organs for fixing damaged organs. With the new research they have found, it could be possible that they replace whole organs. The only problem about animal-human organs is that people could get viruses from animals that humans don’t normally acquire The original plan of Zanjani’s was to see prevent birth defects in unborn babies by injecting healthy stem cells into the fetus but in the process of doing this, he found that in doing this process, it could also be used to grow â€Å"humanized† organs. This idea came from the work of Flake. He found that the human cells develop into part of the heart, skin, muscle, fat, and other tissues when stem cells are taken out of bone marrow and injected into sheep fetuses. Stem cells have two important characteristics that distinguish them from other types of cells. First, they are unspecialized cells that renew themselves for long periods through cell division. The second is that under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become cells with special functions such as the beating cells of the heart muscle or the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. Humanised Organs Can Be Grown In Animals :: Stem Cell Research Biology Science Essays Humanised Organs Can Be Grown In Animals Ever since stem cell research has been discovered there have been many controversial arguments discussing whether or not this method is okay to use when dealing with patients. Research on stem cells is advancing knowledge about how an organism develops from a single cell and how healthy cells replace damaged cells in adult organisms. Since it was discovered, stem cell research is coming a very long way, even though these processes probably won’t be experimented in humans years for decades. Right now in stem cell research we are extracting stem cells from humans bone marrow and inserting them into animal fetus's before the immune system can learn the difference between it's own cells and foreign cells. The plan is to grow more human stem cells in animal organs than animal cells so we can perform organ transplants to replace damaged organs with the animal's organs. The only problem about this, is a rejection of the animal portion of cells in the human body. This means that the cells in our body could attack this new organ. Although, this therapy is still years away, the beginning processes have been started by a team led by Esmail Zanjani at the University of Nevada. Zanjani’s team hopes that the animal-human organs they are working on will have compatible new cells that are exactly the same as a patient’s organs for fixing damaged organs. With the new research they have found, it could be possible that they replace whole organs. The only problem about animal-human organs is that people could get viruses from animals that humans don’t normally acquire The original plan of Zanjani’s was to see prevent birth defects in unborn babies by injecting healthy stem cells into the fetus but in the process of doing this, he found that in doing this process, it could also be used to grow â€Å"humanized† organs. This idea came from the work of Flake. He found that the human cells develop into part of the heart, skin, muscle, fat, and other tissues when stem cells are taken out of bone marrow and injected into sheep fetuses. Stem cells have two important characteristics that distinguish them from other types of cells. First, they are unspecialized cells that renew themselves for long periods through cell division. The second is that under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become cells with special functions such as the beating cells of the heart muscle or the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas.

Pay Differential in Sports Based on Performance

The salary gap between genders has been a predominant issue in the sports arena. Women are continually paid less than their male counterparts, but men experience pay differentials between each other in some sports. In male dominated sports, such as hockey, baseball, and basketball, there is a variation in an individual’s salary that adversely affects the team’s performance and vice versa. In a capitalist society, everybody is paid what their work is worth. Sports such as hockey, basketball, and baseball are pay-for performance sports, in that the players are paid what their skills are worth to the team. The less common a desired talent is, the more money an athlete will make because of it. There has been a continuous debate about how athletes should be paid. Is a defensemen in hockey who can score as valuable as a forward or more so? Is a catcher in baseball who can hit multiple homeruns in a season as valuable as a star pitcher? Many researchers use economic theories to analyze â€Å"Pay-For-Play† or the idea that athletes are paid better for a better performance. In order to examine athlete’s salaries certain definitions need to be established beforehand. Overpaid athletes are not athletes are not players who are paid more than what they are worth, but rather are the top earners in their sport. Underpaid athletes are athletes who are paid less than the average player. It needs to be acknowledged that the success of a team is not just dependent on salary, but also coach and managerial input that are often omitted from research papers. The following examines the idea of pay-for-performance in hockey, baseball, and basketball. The correlation between a team’s performance and the individual salaries of the players are examined. Whether or not being a free agent or having a signed contract and the influences these may have on an athlete’s effort exerted are also looked at. Hockey, baseball, and basketball are all pay-for-performance sports where the best performing players are paid top salaries. Idson & Kahane (2000) used the National Hockey League (NHL) to examine coworker productivity and its influence on salary. Because the statistics of a team’s performance and the salary of each player are publicly recorded and readily available, the information was considered accurate and ideal to use in the investigation. Idson & Kahane (2000) asked the question as to whether an individual’s special attributes were rewarded/valued differently (in the form of a higher salary) in a variety of environments or in special cases. The investigators got the statistical data from Hockey News [February 8, 1991 and November 15, 1991] and the Hockey News Complete Hockey Book that compiled data from various years. The final data set of Idson and Kahane (2000) contained data on 930 players from the 1991-92 and 1992-93 seasons. The points and plus/minus interaction were statistically significant at the 10% level indicating that an individual player performed at a higher level when playing with a team that contained better players. One of the main problems with studying athletes is that players can be traded midyear and essentially play on multiple teams in a given season. To counter this, the researchers placed an athlete on the team that reported the athlete’s total salary for the year. There is no one way to examine a player’s skill in hockey. Idson & Kahane (2000) placed players as either a â€Å"forward† or â€Å"other†, such as defenseman or goalie. The strict dichotomy of this category might have had an adverse influence on their results because defenseman and goalies are not known for scoring points. Jones & Walsh (1988) made two categories for position in their data by labeling forwards and defensemen as forwards that would be examined by the points they scored. Goalies were the other category and were analyzed using goals allowed on average. Because defensemen do not score as many points as forwards, the researchers pointed out that a defenseman scoring an equal number of goals as a forward would earn more money because of the added skill. In hockey, goalies make the big saves of the game, while forwards score the big goals of the game. Doing routine defensive maneuvers in a typical and habitual manner, defensemen are covered in a sheet of ambiguity. The top paid forward in hockey, Vincent Lacaviler, made $10 million, while the top paid defense man was, Zendo Chara, made only $7. 5 million for the 2009-10 season. Both had relatively equal statistics for the season, but Lacaviler is a well known forward who makes the big plays people remember. Jones & Walsh (1988) incorporate the number of trophies and the number in the draft pick into their equation. Both trophies and draft pick numbers help defense men more than forwards. Adding these in was an attempt to even the playing field between forwards and defenseman. It was still shown that forwards with defensive skills, â€Å"enforcers† as they are called, make more money than defensemen with scoring abilities. It is a possibility that enforcers are paid more because they excite fans with both their scoring and fighting skills. George Steinbrenner once said, â€Å"You measure the value of a [player] by how many fannies he puts in the seats. † People who go to athletic events go to see the home team win, not just to observer one power player. Sommers, P. M. , & Quinton, N. (1982) used that approach to examine how having a superstar on the team, regardless of their input to winning the game, would affect revenue. It was discovered that although superstar have a slight influence on revenue, winning has a big influence on crowd attendance. Because the players were organized into the categories of â€Å"free agents† and â€Å"not free agents†, it was also shown that free agents make more money on average than players without contracts. Harder (1992) hypothesized that pay-for performance contracts would lessen the effects of being underpaid on an individual. It was also hypothesized that underpaid individuals would not cooperate as much and would tend to have more self-centered behaviors. Using the equity theory, Harder (1992) compiled data for four seasons of players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Major League Baseball (MLB). Statistical data was accumulated from Sporting News [May 8, 1988]. The number of points a player got in a season and the overall number of points in a career were positive indicators that basketball is a pay-for-performance sport. The results for baseball are the same; the better an athlete was in the season and overall his career, the better that athlete’s salary was. The first hypothesis was proven partially correct in that Harder (1992) found in baseball, the players who were paid less had lower average statistics, but this did not affect the number of runs from the underpaid athletes. In basketball, an underpaid athlete was more like to shot the ball, but would not score as often as overpaid athletes. Overpaid athletes would contribute more to the team as a whole, rather than just scoring points, and were generally more team oriented than underpaid players. This was consistent with the second hypothesis put forth by Harder (1992). Some limitations put on Harder’s (1992) work was that when using sports salaries in equity theory, the salaries tend to be much higher. Although sports teams are a good area to research performance-based pay because of the easily accessible data, it also limits how generalizable a study can be. A more recent way to interpret pay-for-performance was with the agency theory. Contracts in sports, such as basketball, are intended to make both the athlete and the team managers, content. Athletes who are at different cyclical stages of their contract perform in various ways. Just before signing or resigning a contract, athletes are more likely to put forth more effort to get a better contract (multi-million dollar, multi-year, or both). Just after or in the middle of a contract, players tend to play less strenuously (Stiroh, 2007). Stiroh’s (2007) hypothesized that the decline in the effort a player puts forth is directly linked to the length of a contract and also the age of the athlete. The results showed that there is statistical evidence at the 1% level that before a contract was signed, an athlete put more effort into a performance. There was a negative regression in relation to age such that as age increases, the performance of an athlete steadily declines. The hypothesis that a player’s effort will decline after a contract is signed depends on the length of the contract. The longer a contract is, the less likely that a player is going to keep playing with the same effort. Stiroh (2007) concludes that the status of an individual player’s contract is a good predictor of the athlete’s overall performance. An examination between the win/loss percentage of a team and the team’s payroll using multiple sports (baseball, hockey, football, and basketball) was conducted by Quirk and Fort (1999). Over a six year period (1990-96), there was significant evidence in both the NHL and the NBA to suggest that a difference in payroll for athletes on a team will affects the win/loss percentage. There was not conclusive evidence for the MLB and NFL. One needs to be wary of the results though; the evidence may be misleading because of unforeseen events like injuries and players holding out on signing contracts. These four sports were examined again in the same context by Forrest & Simmons (2000) using the results for the 1999-2000 season and came to the same conclusion. In the three main sports that were focus on (hockey, baseball, and basketball), there is repeated significant evidence to support the idea that the performance of an athlete and/or a team is influenced by the payroll of the individuals on the team. The only sport that shows a slight discrimination in the pay of an athlete is defensemen in the NHL. More research and analysis is needed to see if a stronger correlation between the win/loss percentage and the team wages because current research suggests a weak predictive power. All of the current research is focused on regular season. Play-off performances are an area where more research needs to be done to see if the added pressure changes the team dynamics thus influencing an individual player’s salary.

How iCloud provides advantages to Apple Inc. Customers Essay

Innovations in Information Technology expanding rapidly and synergistic with the development of modern society that has the characteristics of high mobility, look for a flexible service, easy-paced and satisfying. The need for systems and methods reliably to the individuals or companies are increasing due to globalization where the business movement is growing so fast. Apple included in the top 25 company in forbes magazine The assessment is based on their Rankings for sales, profits, assets and market value. In 2012, Apple posted quarterly revenue of $36.0 billion and quarterly net profit of $8.2 billion, or $8.67 per diluted share. International sales accounted for 60 percent of the quarter’s revenue. During the quarter, the company sold 26.9 million iPhones, 14 million iPad, 4.9 million Macs and 5.3 million iPods. iCloud is a cloud computing based technology of apple which seamlessly integrated into devices that allows users to synchronize data such as photos, music, and documents into an iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, Mac and the computer automatically at the same time. Users can access anywhere and anytime without the need to back up data manually. Furthermore, the system will automatically sync music or applications that have been purchased through Apple’s iTunes on all devices connected to the account. Not only that, iCloud also stores all the data of purchase on iTunes. It allows users to download music or apps back ever purchased using any device without having to buy back. During the fourth-quarter of 2012, Apple announced that iCloud has 190 million users, which increased significantly from 150 million users in July and the 125 million in April. In terms of accessing iCloud, Apple customers just need to register or sign up iCloud with their Apple ID and password, and then a free storage of 5GB will be theirs unconsciously. This storage space can be use for anything that customers want from hottest music’s, latest photograph, articles, and eBooks. Users who need more can purchase $20 per year for 10GB of additional storage (for a total of 15GB), $40 for 20GB and $100 for 50GB. Similarly there are also numerous advantages that are security, easy of access even situated in remote places as long as you have your ID and password, trouble-free development, and most of all friendly to the surroundings or environment. Besides that, iCloud is also eco-friendly which helps you to cutback the operating cost of electrical energy. Based on Porter’s Three Generic Strategies, iCloud system for apple devices adopted differentiation competitive advantage. Apple strong echo-system of cloud sharing and product integration could guarantee success, as apple products is unchallanged by its competitors. Apple Inc. key success is every product that apple release compliments the next with great sinergy, so innovation not only create excitement of long lines at new product launches, but also can become foundations for entire ecosystems. In terms of 5 Forces, Apple Inc. has a power to bargain with suppliers (games and application developers, etc.) and buyers as well. Buyer power influences the price that firms can charge, and also the cost and investment, this is due that powerful buyers demand costly services. As for the RBVF analysis, Apple has position itself as the leader in technology industry by influences a firms demand curve with the loyalty of their customers. Peter and Barney, 2003, said that A firm that has conquered a competitive advantage has created economic value than its competitors which shown by create greater benefit at the same cost compared to competitors (differentiation-based competitive advantage). The competitors for iCloud are Microsoft Windows Azure, Amazon-Aws, and Google Cloud.

Themes Of Invisible Man Essays - Literature, Fiction, Free Essays

Themes Of Invisible Man Essays - Literature, Fiction, Free Essays Themes Of Invisible Man David Horowitz Period 7 Quinn Invisible Man Themes 1) Balancing social and personal responsibility The central problem the narrator encounters throughout his life deals with the balance between social and personal responsibility. The public and private self of a black man come into continual conflict. Most often, the personal nature of the man is forced to give up his morals and or family values in order to present himself in better light to the white society. Trueblood said, But what I don't understand is how I done the worse thing a man can do in his own family and 'stead of things gittin' bad, they got better. The nigguhs up at the school don't like me, but the white folks treats me fine (68). Sometimes the split between the two halves is not even visible to the Invisible Man. Racist stereotypes and other people's schemes confound his attempts to know himself. Here within this quiet greenness I possessed the only identity I had ever known, and I was losing (99). On the other hand, Dr. Bledsoe's personality is revealed in the open at a school assembly as he gives a swift glance carrying a threat for all (115). He is subordinate to the white guests out of necessity but exerts his authority brutally over all of the blacks at the school. He will later say, I've made my place in it and I'll have every Negro in the country hanging on tree limbs by morning if it means staying where I am (143). At a low point, the Invisible Man even thinks, If you made an appointment with one of them [white persons] you couldn't bring them any slow c.p. (colored people's) time (163). He feels that he needs to somehow measure up to the white man's society by working on his own habits. Finally, the separation between his social progress and his attempt to stay in touch with himself became so distant, that I realized that I no longer knew my own name (239). 2) An attempt at Social progress The dream of social progress for black Americans offered by the college's ideology breeds treachery and division. Dr. Bledsoe betrays the entire community with his surrender to the white nation, and the entire college turns its back on Trueblood. It also gives an implied acceptance of second class status for blacks. This hypocrisy betrays the narrator and the entire Harlem community. Rather than unite various oppressed groups, it divides them. The college hated Trueblood out of fear that the white community would also dismiss him as a disgrace to society. I didn't understand in those pre-invisible days that their hate, and mine too, was charged with fear.... We were trying to lift them up and they, like Trueblood, did everything it seemed to pull us down (47). Because blacks were judged as a whole group and not as individuals, the blacks closer to the white man began to hat those that were farther away. They were viewed as impediments to their effort. This dream continues and grows into a desire to move forward, to move to New York. New York! That's not a place, it's a dream. When I was your age it was Chicago. Now all the little black boys run away to New York. Out of the fire and into the melting pot (152). 3) Black v. White The ideology of the 'model black citizen' is present ever since the Invisible Man's grandfather speaks at his deathbed. Even the college that he attends that its followers shun the heritage of black Southern folk culture. It demands that its followers try not to be too black. They should break completely with their pasts and assume new identities. In the first chapter, the Invisible man is submissive to white charity in this demeaning manner. After the battle royal, he is presented with a scholarship and told to take this prize and keep it well...some day it will be filled with important papers that will help shape the destiny of your people (32). This show's how blacks were thought of as only products of whites' deeds. When Mr. Norton asks to speak with Trueblood, the Invisible Man responds with this question, Why couldn't he leave them alone? (50). It presents the idea of

Szabist Essays

Szabist Essays Szabist Essay Szabist Essay Service offering And Variety Augmenting the Core Product: The shostack’s molecular model can help identify the tangible and intangible elements involved in service industry. For Szabist the intangible element includes the knowledge they provide to a student in different fields for example BBA, media sciences etc. The grooming of personality, to work in teams, the education which is the core product of Szabist. The tangible element includes the degree provided by Szabist. Nature of Service Offering: Core Product: The core product Szabist provide is quality education. Supplementary Service: The supplementary service Szabist includes extra-curricular activities such as computer labs, libraries, sports room, the societies and affiliation to foreign universities. Delivery Process: Szabist delivery process is through the faculty they hire for providing quality education. The documentation of all the records of student all over the time period till they are studying. The Flower of Service: Information Clearance Classes Degree Education Consultation Fees Submission The flower’s petals are the supplementary service shown in the clockwise pattern in which they are often encountered by customers. Information: When a student comes in for admission they are provided with the admission form and guided about the procedure through which they can join Szabist. Consultation: The student can consult in which program they fit the most and what are the requirement criteria for that particular program. Fees Submission: Once the student went through the admission process they are asked to submit their fees beforehand. Classes: The classes are conducted on daily basis for whatever program a student is rolled in. Clearance: Once the student completes his/her credit hours criteria all payments are settled between the student and Szabist before the degree is granted. Degree: Degree is awarded by Szabist to the successful candidate who completes his/her course requirement. The Service Product mix: Width: Graduate Programs EMBA, MBA, MS (Computing), MS (Media Sciences), MS (Management Sciences), MS (Social Sciences Economics) and Ph. D. Undergrad Programs BBA, BABS, BS (Computing), BS (Media Sciences), BS (Social Sciences), BE Mechatronics, Biosciences and LLB. Length: The total number of courses offered by Szabist. Depth: EMBA SZABIST offers a two years EMBA degree for the executives and the middle/level managers who strive for excellence and greater challenges in their professional life. The EMBA is a two years program spread over six semesters and consists of 66 credit hours. 20 courses, 1 Business Project (3 credits) and 1 Research Project (3 credits) are required to graduate. Maximum time limit to complete the EMBA degree is five years. MBA SZABIST offers MBA degree in the specialized fields of Management, Human Resource Management (HRM), Marketing, Finance, Supply Chain Management, Islamic Banking, MIS and Economic Policy Management. Both MBA (Day) and MBA (Evening) programs are offered. For students with a 4-year BBA degree, the duration of the MBA Program is 1. 5 years. 10 MBA courses (30 credits) and a research project (6 credits) are needed to graduate. Students are also required to complete a 6-week internship. The maximum duration to complete this degree is 5 years. For students with a 4-year non BBA degree / relevant degree, the duration of the MBA program is 2 to 2. 5 years. 24 courses (72 credits) are needed to graduate. Students are also required to complete a 6-week internship and clear the SZABIST comprehensive exam. The maximum duration to complete this degree is 5 years. For students with a 2 to 3 year undergraduate degree the duration of the MBA program is 3 to 3. 5 years. 30 courses (90 credits) are needed to graduate. Students are also required to complete a 6-week internship and clear the SZABIST comprehensive exam. The maximum duration to complete this degree is 5 years. MS (Computing) SZABIST offers MS degree with majors in Information Technology, Software Engineering and Computer Sciences. The MS is an evening program only and consists of 8 courses and a Thesis / Research Project / Course Work. For students with a 4 year BS or 2 year MCS degree, the MS is a two year program. 9 MS courses and Thesis/ Research Project/Course Work are needed to graduate (33 credit hours). For students with a 4 year professional degree (BE, MSc etc. ), the MS Program is a two year program. Deficiency conversion courses and 9 MS courses and Thesis/Research Project/Course Work are needed to graduate (33 credit hours +18 credit hours of deficiency courses. ) For students with a 3 year BCS degree, the MS Program is a three year program. One year of deficiency conversion courses and 9 MS courses and Thesis or Research Project are needed to graduate (33 credit hours + 30 credit hours of deficiency courses. ) The maximum time limit to complete the MS degree is five years. MS (Media Sciences) SZABIST offers the MS Media Sciences degree. The MS Media Sciences is an evening program only and consists of 8 courses and a Thesis. For students with a 4-year BS Media Sciences or relevant Bachelors or Masters degree, the MS Program is 1. 5 years. 8 MS courses (24 credits) and a thesis (6 credits) are needed to graduate. Students are also required to complete a 6-week internship. The maximum duration to complete this degree is 5 years. For students with a 4-year non-relevant Bachelors or Master degree, the duration of the MS program is 2 to 2. 5 years. 24 courses (72 credits) are needed to graduate. Students are also required to complete a 6-week internship and clear the SZABIST comprehensive exam. The maximum duration to complete this degree is 5 years. For students with a 2 to 3 year undergraduate degree, the duration of the MS program is 3 to 3. 5 years. 30 courses (90 credits) are needed to graduate. Students are also required to complete a 6-weeks internship and clear the SZABIST comprehensive exam. The maximum duration to complete this degree is 5 years MS (Management Sciences) SZABIST offers the fifth year MS degree in the specialized fields of Management, Human Resource Management (HRM), Marketing, Finance and IT (MIS/ E-Business). The MS program is an evening program only and consists of 8/10 courses and/or Thesis (30 credits). The maximum time limit to complete the MS degree is five years. MS (Social Sciences Economics) SZABIST offers the fifth year MS degree in Social Sciences Economics with majors in Psychology, Sociology, International Relation, Political Science, Economics, Media Studies, Education, Public Administration, NGO Management, Gender Studies, Philosophy, Law Human Rights and Public Policy. The MS Program is an evening program only and consists of 8/10 courses and/or a Thesis/ Independent Studies (30 credit hours). Ph. D. SZABIST offers the Ph. D. degree in Management Sciences, Computing and Social Sciences Economics that can be completed during the evenings in two years after the MS / MBA degree. 6 Ph. D. courses and a dissertation are required to graduate. A total of 48 credit hours must be completed. For candidates with a 4 year professional (BBA / BS / BE / MBA / MCS / MSc / MA) degree, the Ph. D. Program is a three year 78 credit hours program. MS degree (30 credits) must first be successfully completed. In Management Sciences, specializations include Organizational Structure, Human Resource Management Development, and International Business Strategy Development, e-Business Strategy, Leadership, Corporate Restructuring, Corporate Ethics Governance, Advanced Financial Management, Marketing Communication and Not-for-Profit Management. In Computing, specializations include Database Management Systems, Data Warehousing Mining, Networking Communication, Business Intelligence, Process Modeling, Telecommunication, Mobile Communication, Mobile Computing, Technology Management, Artificial Intelligence, Software Engineering, Agent Systems, Speech Recognition, Multimedia HCI Systems and e-Business, Mechatronics and Machine Vision Image Processing. In Social Sciences Economics, specializations include Economics, International Relations, Political Science, Media Studies, Education, Public Administration, NGO Management, Gender Studies, Philosophy, Psychology, Sociology, Law Human Rights and Public Policy. The total time to earn a Ph. D. degree after a four-year university degree is a minimum of three years to a maximum of seven years. BBA SZABIST offers a four year (eight semesters) BBA degree program with majors in Management, Marketing, Finance, and IT. The BBA Program is essentially a day program and consists of 46 courses and a thesis (six courses per semester) with a total of 144 credit hours (all electives and certain courses may be offered in the evening) and an Internship. The maximum time limit to complete the BBA degree is seven years. BABS SZABIST offers the 3 years BA (Hons) Business Studies of the University of Wales, Newport, UK. Students can earn BABS, UK, and Degree after completing two years of study at SZABIST and one year at Newport, UK, through an articulation agreement. Students aiming for a UK degree can join this programme and save 2 years UK cost. Two years study at SZABIST is fully mapped and matched with University of Wales BA (Hons) Business Studies curriculum. Please refer to separate SZABIST brochure for details of this program. BS (Computing) SZABIST offers a four year (eight semesters) BS (Computing) degree with majors in Information Technology, Telecommunications, Software Engineering and Computer Sciences. The BS Program is essentially a day program and consists of 40 courses (six courses per semester) with a total of 130 credit hours (all electives and certain courses may be offered in the evening), Internship and the passing of the comprehensive exam. The maximum time limit to complete the BS degree is seven years. BS (Media Sciences) SZABIST offers a four year (eight semesters) BS (Media Sciences) degree with majors in Production and Advertising. The BS Program is essentially a day program and consists of 46 courses a thesis (six courses per semester) with a total of 144 credit hours (all electives and certain courses may be offered in the evening), and an Internship. The maximum time limit to complete the BS degree is seven years. BS (Social Sciences) SZABIST offers a four your (eight semesters) BS (Social Sciences) degree with majors in Psychology, Sociology, Economics, Political Sciences and International Relations. BS Program is essentially a day program and consists of 48 courses (six courses per semester) with a total of 144 credit hours, Internship and the passing of the Comprehensive Exam. The maximum time limit to complete the BS degree is seven years. BE Mechatronics SZABIST offers a four year (eight semesters) BE (Mechatronics Engineering). The BE program is essentially a day program and consists of 43 courses (five or six courses per semester) with a total of 142 credit hours (all electives and certain courses may be offered in the evening), Internship and the passing of the comprehensive exam . The maximum time limit to complete the BE degree is seven years. Biosciences BS Biosciences at SZABIST is a four year program spread over 8 semesters and consists of 135 credit hours of teaching, 44 courses, internship of at least six weeks, and research project are needed to graduat LLB SZABIST offers the LLB University of London International Programmes This is an evening program and can be completed in three years. The University of London, UK will award the LLB degree. Please refer to the separate SZABIST brochure and to the University of London web site. www. londoninternational. ac. uk for details of this program. Reference: http://khi. szabist. edu. pk/programs

The Changing Meaning of School

The Changing Meaning of School The Changing Meaning of School The Changing Meaning of School By Maeve Maddox Since Shakespeare’s time at least, children have been portrayed as being reluctant to go to school: the whining school-boy with his satchel And shining morning face, creeping like snail Unwillingly to school.  - As You Like It, II:vii,148-150. That’s a sad fate for school, a word that originated in the context of enjoyable leisure time. Our word school comes from Latin schola, â€Å"learned leisure.† Schola was free time during which educated men could sit around and talk about ideas. The talk might lead to lecturing and arguing, so from meaning â€Å"free time for talking about ideas,† schola came to mean debate, dispute, lecture, dissertation. More and more definitions were added. A schola could be â€Å"a place where learned disputations are carried on.† Then, the followers of a favorite lecturer or philosopher were called â€Å"a schola.† Note: School in the expression â€Å"a school of fish† derives from Middle Dutch schole, â€Å"flock of animals.† In modern English, school has numerous meanings and occurs in several idioms. School can mean any of the following: An establishment or institution for the formal education of children or young people. The building or set of buildings used by a school. A place, environment, experience, etc., which forms or develops a persons character or behavior. A group of people who follow or are influenced by the teaching of a particular person, or who share similar principles, ideas, or methods. A group of people who share a particular opinion, practice, or custom. A particular type of doctrine or practice as followed by a group of people. An institution in which instruction of a particular kind is given. A department in a college or university. Here are a few examples of these different uses: A painting of Mary Stuart by an unknown artist of the School of Clouet hangs at the Hermitage, St. Petersburg. Spenser  earned his degree  in the  school of hard knocks, so he is ready when a Boston university hires him to recover a rare, stolen manuscript. You have to understand,  hes definitely old school when it comes to  understanding different cultures. This is a discussion of Marxism-Leninism as a  school of thought as opposed to a political practice. The Colorado School of Mines Board of Trustees announced that  Paul C. Johnson  is the finalist for president of Colorado School of Mines. The Missouri  School of Journalism at  University of Missouri in Columbia is a journalism school which may be the oldest formal journalism school in the world. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Types of RhymeProved vs. ProvenInspiring vs. Inspirational

To answer question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

To answer question - Assignment Example This is because his body is not used to the climate in Ivory Coast which is a West African tropical country. The Wald Test and the Blood Culture Test carried out on him came out negative. The liver function was elevated and the white blood count was higher than the normal haemoglobin level. Moreover, he had reduced platelet count. The C-reactive protein level was elevated, an indication that the body was infected with a microorganism. The body was trying to fight with the infection, thus having a higher count of the white blood cells. As per the case study, the most likely diagnosis is that he was infected with typhoid. This is from the symptoms that were being exhibited and the results from the Wald Test and the Blood Culture Test. Typhoid fever is caused by a harmful bacterium called Salmonella typhi (WHO, 2014). Considering the fact that he had visited West Africa, a tropical country, and the symptoms, it is clear that he must have contracted typhoid fever. The microscopic organisms that cause typhoid fever spread through polluted substances or water and sporadically through immediate contact with someone with the organism (Mayoclinic.org, 2014). Typhoid fever is a severe sickness associated with severe headache and is caused by the Salmonella typhi microscopic organisms. It can likewise be caused by Salmonella paratyphi, a related bacterium that normally prompts a less serious disease (Balentine, 2014). The bacterium that has infected the man is the Salmonella typhi since the symptoms shown were more severe than those associated with salmonella paratyphi. Laboratory testing is required to confirm the clinical diagnosis. To test for the disease, blood specimens and stool samples are required. Laboratory conclusion of typhoid fever requires separation and recognizable proof of salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. After samples are gathered, they are screened independently to distinguish the microbes. In order to

Health and Safety Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Health and Safety - Assignment Example Management is an authoritative field that is meant to cater for the needs of the workers in an organization. Health and safety policy Health and safety management system is made of several elements. Among them are the health and safety policies. Health and safety policies are structured to monitor the operations of the organization regarding the welfare of workers. Some of the major specifications of the health policy specify the role of individuals while others outline the roles of an organization. Health policy gives specific individuals the mandate to assign responsibility for the identification of applicable regulations and acts. The document elaborates on the use of health procedures. Under this section, the organization is subjected to monitor health and safety legislations, building codes as well as health and safety legislations. The document also deals with the recording of data and keeping of health and safety information. It provides the employee with the rights to view he alth document as it gives employees the accessibility to legal health documents. Health policies specify on the updating of legal health records. The document outlines the procedures that have been put in place to track legislation as well as other health and safety requirements. It provides a clause that employees have a right to training after a legal procedure of recruitment in their area of specialization. Legislation Health and safety management system standard program has a legislative system whose function is to access and identify new proposed as well as existing health and safety legislations. Management responsibilities are outlined and allocated responsibilities are outlined and allocated. The applicable legal acts include: health and safety legislations, environmental legislation and building codes. A procedure shall also be put in place to track developments and key alterations to the health and safety requirements. The system implies that employees affected by the heal th and safety management alterations shall receive training concerning the legislations which are applicable to their jobs. Internal responsibility system The program advocates for an establishment of an internal responsibility system which will monitor the health and safety policies and enforce their implementations. Responsibilities of all levels of management are specified to ensure systematic performance and efficiency of the system. All responsibilities in the program are designed to make room for the institution of a Joint Health and safety committee. The system also provides a format for the selection of the Joint Health and Safety committee. Worker rights Another element is the worker’s rights. The health and safety act states that procedure for ensuring that workers rights are guaranteed by the occupational health and safety act. The occupation health and safety act provides the employees with the right to information and awareness. The main objective of the occupati onal health and safety act is to ensure that the working environment is suitable for the performance of work. This includes the elimination of all form of risks around the working environment. The right to information at work is the basic human right according to the occupational

Biology - Wood Frog Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Biology - Wood Frog - Essay Example For example, it has a moderate size up to two inches or two to three inches long ("Wood Frog - Rana Sylvatica: Minnesota DNR" ), and it has a smooth, moist and reddish skin. Moreover, it is cold blooded and can tolerate a large temperature and saves the water inside the body for the later usage for example, in some cases, up to 65% of the whole body water. Additionally, wood frog has webbed feet just as other amphibians but it does not have fully webbed feet. Moreover, it has a vertebra that is why it is usually identified as vertebrates; it also has notochord which identifies for the Chordates. It can live in water as well as in soil and it can lay eggs in water as well as in the soil. Furthermore, its eggs does not have any membrane which makes them amphibians, males and female frogs gather in ponds for reproduction, skin coloration is brown, and they also go to ponds and water lands for breeding. Moreover, its sound can be heard in the first periods of the spring and they have dar k pitch under their eyes The relationship between the wood frog and other organisms can be reflected by the fact that wood frog belongs to Kingdom Animal which is the broadest category of classification. This is because of the fact that most of the animals that are categorized as â€Å"animals† have some specific characteristics which are common to them. For example, organisms that are characterized as â€Å"animals† are eukaryotic i.e. the animals that have developed cell membrane and complex cell structures, for example plants, fungi etc. Moreover, organisms in Kingdom Animal are â€Å"motile† which means that they can freely move from one place to the other. The examples include snack, lion, deer etc. These are all animals and have common characteristics with the wood frog because they are all under Kingdom Animal. The second category of classification is the Phylum which is Phylum Chordates in case of the wood frog. Furthermore, the animals in Phylum Chordat es are identified with their Notochord which they have at least for some period of their lives, a hollow dorsal nerve chord, and an anal tail etc. Besides this, notochord is the flexible and rod shaped body which is found in the early embryos and, in some cases, becomes the axial support of the body. Similarly, the animals in Phylum Chordates include Hagfish, Star fish and lancelet etc. and these animals have the common characteristic with the wood frog that they all have notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve chord and an anal tail. In this way, wood frog is more closely related and associated with the animals of Phylum Chordates because they have many common characteristics. The third category of classification includes Class which is Amphibians in case of wood frog. The basic characteristics of amphibians are that their eggs are not surrounded by membranes, they have four limbs and they are cold blooded. For example, toads, salamanders etc. are the vertebrate chordates that have same c haracteristics as wood frog. In this way, wood frog is far more linked and has similarity with animal chordates such as salamanders, toads because they are in the same class and have similar characteristics. Similarly, wood frog is also associated with many other amphibians due to their order which is anura and family which is Ranidae. Moreover the common genre and species

Outsourcing is here to Stay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Outsourcing is here to Stay - Essay Example Off-shoring refers to the task which is assigned to a third party based in another country away from the country who intends to carry out the work. With an increase in globalization and the amount of task being outsourced, the difference between outsourcing and off-shoring is hardly felt. Counties like India and China have been two hotspots for carrying out outsourcing task. Central and Eastern Europe are attractive destinations, but costs are rising there, too. Offshoring is actually increasing in Africa and the Middle East, but political instability poses ongoing challenges there. In our day to day use, we get to hear different abbreviations like BPO, ITO, and KPO. But what do they actually mean and where lies the difference We need to look into the details of each and try to know the difference between these three different types of outsourcing. a. Business Processing Outsourcing (BPO) - it refers to outsourcing a specific business processing task. It can again be divided into two categories namely front office outsourcing and back office outsourcing. Front office outsourcing includes customer-related services like marketing, technical support etc and back office support refers to services like billing or purchasing. b. Information Processing Outsourcing (ITO) - To impart information, information processing outsourcing too is being carried out both for front and back office support. c. Knowledge Processing Outsourcing (KPO) - Similar to ITO, we have the knowledge processing outsourcing units known as KPIs who by and large are knowledge-based units who provide analytical, technical and have decision-making skills. Pharmaceutical Research & Development units mainly fall under this category.     Even though outsourcing has been a very common concept in today's world mainly for the developing countries like India, but there are a large number of issues pertaining to this sector. Many BPOs, ITO, and KPIs have not been able to succeed in today's world because of a huge competition. The clients who have been able to deliver quality resource have been able to succeed. Thus, there is a need to have quality assurance and quality check to successfully carry out the task. The other problem that one can foresee is the conflict that arises between the client and the vendor. The client intends to get better service, often at lower costs, than it would get by doing the work themselves.

Culture and Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Culture and Religion - Essay Example This paper talks about the physicians who attended the girls were unable to offer any plausible explanation. The confusion escalated into mass hysteria and people believed that the hovering presence of the devil over the village caused this problem. Tituba, a migrant African, confessed that a conspiracy of witches permeated Salem Village. Thus began the Salem Witch Hunt. The episode’s far-reaching ramifications are dealt in three classic works: I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem, a novel by Maryse Conde, The Crucible, a play by Arthur Miller, and Young Goodman Brown, a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The themes of all three stories are inspired by historical accounts of the Salem witch trials. All of them attempt to comment earnestly and staunchly on the hypocrisy and social stigmas; class, ethnic and racial distinctions that draw the fine line between the privileged and under-privileged, through the literary devices like theme, characterization, symbolism. There is always an association between forests and evil because of its dark and gloomy nature. That is why the witch meetings were held in the midst of it. The minister and the deacon are also corrupt and evil. They all are considered to be holy and people of God, but they are just the opposite. This essay makes a conclusion that a reader can easily recognize a common thread of the authors’ criticism of the evils of Puritanism, of religious and class bias that served only to marginalize a certain segment. The extent to which race, gender, class and other indicators play a part in the events that form the basis for human history has been artfully and subtly dealt by all the three authors.

Outsourcing is here to Stay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Outsourcing is here to Stay - Essay Example Off-shoring refers to the task which is assigned to a third party based in another country away from the country who intends to carry out the work. With an increase in globalization and the amount of task being outsourced, the difference between outsourcing and off-shoring is hardly felt. Counties like India and China have been two hotspots for carrying out outsourcing task. Central and Eastern Europe are attractive destinations, but costs are rising there, too. Offshoring is actually increasing in Africa and the Middle East, but political instability poses ongoing challenges there. In our day to day use, we get to hear different abbreviations like BPO, ITO, and KPO. But what do they actually mean and where lies the difference We need to look into the details of each and try to know the difference between these three different types of outsourcing. a. Business Processing Outsourcing (BPO) - it refers to outsourcing a specific business processing task. It can again be divided into two categories namely front office outsourcing and back office outsourcing. Front office outsourcing includes customer-related services like marketing, technical support etc and back office support refers to services like billing or purchasing. b. Information Processing Outsourcing (ITO) - To impart information, information processing outsourcing too is being carried out both for front and back office support. c. Knowledge Processing Outsourcing (KPO) - Similar to ITO, we have the knowledge processing outsourcing units known as KPIs who by and large are knowledge-based units who provide analytical, technical and have decision-making skills. Pharmaceutical Research & Development units mainly fall under this category.     Even though outsourcing has been a very common concept in today's world mainly for the developing countries like India, but there are a large number of issues pertaining to this sector. Many BPOs, ITO, and KPIs have not been able to succeed in today's world because of a huge competition. The clients who have been able to deliver quality resource have been able to succeed. Thus, there is a need to have quality assurance and quality check to successfully carry out the task. The other problem that one can foresee is the conflict that arises between the client and the vendor. The client intends to get better service, often at lower costs, than it would get by doing the work themselves.

Knowing a foreign language means much more than knowing words and the Essay

Knowing a foreign language means much more than knowing words and the rules to combine them - Essay Example Knowing a foreign language means much more than knowing words and the rules to combine them Since I know that words and grammar alone would not be necessary, I would have to find out the exact meanings behind what I intend saying or communicating. This is because people will look up to me when I make use of the foreign language. Then again, my comprehension is such that the context receives more significance because it is something that shall put words into proper play (Bissell 1989). It will teach me where to use what and how to make things work as far as my communication domains with a foreign language is related. I will master such concerns easily when I exactly know where I am lacking and what efforts I am making to reach the intended destination. My plan is to have as less mistakes as possible so that my concentration is based on solid footing. It will allow me to experience my own nuances and comprehend things that are significant from second language adoption mechanisms. I am confident that my plan shall see the light of the day if I remain headstrong and consistent because learning a foreign language is always seen as a difficult task. Many people have avoided such a realm within their fore and my learning would not be taken as an exception. Then again, I will give my best to make sure that my plan meets success. What is even more pivotal is the fact that I shall learn new things along the way, which on any given day is a positive for me. I am supremely confident of my abilities and skills as this is the reason why I am consistently moving ahead. Even though it is always a good sign to know the rules of the foreign language, the fact of the matter is that learning a new language requires patience, empathy and understanding by all concerned, and not just the learner himself. Some believe that it is an easier task than people think it to be, this is not reality in the sheerest sense. The need is to find out how people adapt towards learning a new language which is foreign more than anything else. I will make sure within my plan to remain as clos e to the context as possible because this is something that will win me favors anytime. If I remain stuck on to the contextual details, my learning of the foreign language will be done easier (Kelm 2003). But if I lose track somehow, there would be a number of problems as far as learning is related. It will make me feel disjointed with the foreign language that I am trying my best to master. I will do everything within my grasp to comprehend the rules and dictum that this new language brings and try to relate the same with what I have learned within other languages in the past. For me, the foreign language will not only be a language but also a way of life, a different cultural manifestation that I shall get to know within the future. I am certain that this will go a long way in detailing what is deemed as my strength and what shall remain as something that I have still to gather in the coming times. As far as my particular emphasis is concerned, I will focus on getting on to the co ntext more than mere grammar and spellings. I will also give secondary importance to sentence structure but what would remain quintessential is how I shall take up the context under which the foreign language is being learnt. I will follow up my plan by being vigilant and focusing more on what I need to learn along the way. This will mean that I shall derive support and encouragement from the people who already know the foreign langu

ICT and society portfolio section Essay Example for Free

ICT and society portfolio section Essay Microsoft word Microsoft Word is a word processor program from Microsoft. It was originally written by Richard Brodie for IBM PC computers running DOS in 1983. Later versions were created for the Apple Macintosh (1984), SCO UNIN, and Microsoft Windows (1989). It became part of the Microsoft Office. Microsoft word is a software package which can be used for school work, course work, home work or personal work such as making posters or fliers. So it is extremely useful, especially if you have untidy handwriting because Microsoft word can improve your presentation not only by improving your writing but also can improve presentation by adding pictures, this can be done using a feature called clipart which allows me too insert pictures to my work. Another good point about this is that it has a feature called spell check, which is handy if you are bad at spelling because if you spelt a word wrong then it will either automatically correct it or show you a list of words to help you. The only bad point about spell check is that it doesnt recognise every word and that sometimes it uses the American spelling of words. Other god points include the fact that if you are doing something such as an essay or coursework which requires a lot of writing because you can easily change your words if you make a mistake whereas if you were writing it out by hand then you would have to rewrite everything from the beginning. Microsoft Excel Excel 2003 enables you to turn data into information with powerful tools to analyze, communicate, and share results. Excel 2003 can help you work better in teams, and help protect and control access to your work. In addition, you can work with industry-standard Extensible Mark-up Language (NML) data to make it easier to connect to business processes. Just like Microsoft word, excel is a software package which can be used for school work, course work, home work or personal work. Mostly excel is used in business in order to keep track of financial status and to record data required to run a business. The good points about Microsoft excel is that you can use features such as auto sum which allows you to quickly and easily count up numbers, another feature is the graph function which allows you to create graphs easily, the graphs make the figures easier to understand and improves presentation. Microsoft access Microsoft Access is a relational database management system from Microsoft, packaged with Microsoft Office Professional. Microsoft Access can use data stored in Access/Jet, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, or any ODBC-compliant data container. Skilled software developers and data architects use it to develop powerful, complen application software. Relatively unskilled programmers and non-programmer power users can use it to build simple applications without having to deal with features they dont understand. Microsoft Access was also the name of a communications program from Microsoft, meant to compete with ProComm and other programs. This Microsoft Access proved a failure and was dropped. Years later Microsoft reused the name for its database software. Microsoft access is normally used in areas such as hospitals in order to keep a record of all the patients. Another area where databases are used is in buissness in order to keep track of financial staus and contacts. Microsoft PowerPoint Microsoft publisher Microsoft Publisher is a desktop publishing application from Microsoft. This program helps you easily create, customize, and publish materials such as newsletters, brochures, flyers, catalogs, and Web sites. It is very neat and tidy and improves presentation. People who work in the advertising industry might find publisher very useful because it is very quick and easy to use.

United Nations (UN) Strategies to Eradicate Poverty

United Nations (UN) Strategies to Eradicate Poverty BLIMUN 2014 Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger Introduction United Nations United Nations is the world’s biggest international organization, founded in 1945. The UN has four main purposes: To keep peace throughout the world; To develop friendly relations among nations; To help nations work together to improve the lives of poor people, to conquer hunger, disease and illiteracy, and to encourage respect for each other’s rights and freedoms; To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations to achieve these goals. At the moment, United Nations have 193 member states. The organization works on a broad range of fundamental issues, from sustainable development, environment and refugees protection, disaster relief, counter terrorism, disarmament and non-proliferation, to promoting democracy, human rights, gender equality and the advancement of women, governance, economic and social development and international health, clearing landmines, expanding food production, and more, in order to achieve its goals and coordinate efforts for a safer world for this and future generations. General Assembly General Assembly is the chief deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the United Nations. Comprising all 193 Members of the United Nations, it provides a unique forum for multilateral discussion of the full spectrum of international issues covered by the Charter. It also plays a significant role in the process of standard-setting and the codification of international law. The Assembly meets in regular session intensively from September to December each year, and thereafter as required. According to the Charter of the United Nations, the General Assembly may:[1] Consider and approve the United Nations budget and establish the financial assessments of Member States; Elect the non-permanent members of the Security Council and the members of other United Nations councils and organs and, on the recommendation of the Security Council, appoint the Secretary-General; Consider and make recommendations on the general principles of cooperation for maintaining international peace and security, including disarmament; Discuss any question relating to international peace and security and, except where a dispute or situation is currently being discussed by the Security Council, make recommendations on it; Discuss, with the same exception, and make recommendations on any questions within the scope of the Charter or affecting the powers and functions of any organ of the United Nations; Initiate studies and make recommendations to promote international political cooperation, the development and codification of international law, the realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and international collaboration in the economic, social, humanitarian, cultural, educational and health fields; Make recommendations for the peaceful settlement of any situation that might impair friendly relations among nations; Consider reports from the Security Council and other United Nations organs. An important thing to mention is that that General Assembly does not make decisions which have a legally binding effect on its member states, except on questions such as budget and selection of non-permanent Security Council members. However, due to its influence and the mission of United Nations, it is very difficult for countries not to take into account resolutions brought by General Assembly, since, in a way, they are also participating in the process of bringing them to life. Millenium Goals In September 2000, building upon a decade of major United Nations conferences and summits, world leaders came together at United Nations Headquarters in New York to adopt the United Nations Millennium Declaration, committing their nations to a new global partnership to reduce extreme poverty and setting out a series of time-bound targets with a deadline of 2015 that have become known as the Millennium Development Goals. There are eight of these goals: To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger To achieve universal primary education To promote gender equality and empowering women To reduce child mortality rates To improve maternal health To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases To ensure environmental sustainability To develop a global partnership for development. As 2015 is quickly approaching, we can say that a lot of things have been vastly improved – however, there is always space for making the situation even better. That is why we believe that the first Millenium Goal, â€Å"Eradicating extreme poverty and hungerâ€Å" is a great topic for our BLIMUN 2014 conference, since it will give our delegates the opportunity to take a look back and see what has already been done and then discuss on how can the current results be improved and what new measures can be taken before the deadline is approached. Eradicating Extreme Poverty and Hunger Concepts and terms According to the Oxford Dictionary, hunger is defined as: A feeling of discomfort or weakness caused by lack of food, coupled with the desire to eat A severe lack of food A strong desire or craving World hunger, on the other hand, is related to another term, malnutrition, which can be defined as â€Å"lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right things, or being unable to use the food that one does eat.â€Å" The concept of world hunger is, therefore, concerned with malnutrition on the global level. United Nations defines poverty as: the inability of getting choices and opportunities, a violation of human dignity. It means lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society. It means not having enough to feed and clothe a family, not having a school or clinic to go to, not having the land on which to grow one’s food or a job to earn one’s living, not having access to credit. It means insecurity, powerlessness and exclusion of individuals, households and communities. It means susceptibility to violence, and it often implies living in marginal or fragile environments, without access to clean water or sanitation. Poverty is the most common cause of hunger. Extreme poverty is, unfortunately, also common cause for starvation, and every year statistics show high number of people who die in absolute poverty deprived of basic human rights. Developed vs. Developing countries According to the World Bank, the criteria for deciding whether a country is developed country, also known as a first-world country is its Gross National Income (GNI) per capita per year. Countries with GNI over US$ 11,905 are developed countries, and countries with GNI equal to, or less than US$ 11,905 are classified as developing countries. To find the definition of the country you will be representing, please consult the following link: World Bank: Country and Lending Groups Important note: Please keep in mind that developed countries also experience issues with extreme poverty and hunger. When preparing for the conference, try to find the data on what is the level of poverty in the country you are representing. Useful statistics At least 80% of humanity lives on less than $10 a day. The poorest 40 percent of the world’s population accounts for 5 percent of global income. The richest 20 percent accounts for three-quarters of world income. According to UNICEF, 22,000 children die each day due to poverty. Around 27-28 percent of all children in developing countries are estimated to be underweight or stunted. Some 1.1 billion people in developing countries have inadequate access to water, and 2.6 billion lack basic sanitation. Almost two in three people lacking access to clean water survive on less than $2 a day, with one in three living on less than $1 a day. In the United Kingdom the average person uses more than 50 litres of water a day flushing toilets. Close to half of all people in developing countries suffer at any given time from a health problem caused by water and sanitation deficits. Millions of women spend several hours a day collecting water. In 2005, the wealthiest 20% of the world accounted for 76.6% of total private consumption. The poorest fifth accounted for just 1.5% 1.6 billion people — a quarter of humanity — live without electricity. Approximately 790 million people in the developing world are still chronically undernourished, almost two-thirds of whom reside in Asia and the Pacific. Important note: You can use useful statistics from the country you are representing in debating and defending your point of view. Examples of Successful Actions Bosnia and Herzegovina: A brighter future for young people. The UN Development Programme (UNDP) and other UN agencies partnered with the Government of Spain to establish 16 centres in Bosnia and Herzegovina to provide career counselling to unemployed youth. In the first 14 months of operation, the centres provided skills training to more than 6,800 young people, of whom almost 1,800 gained their first work experience. Yemen: Food keeps girls in school. Since 2007, the World Food Program’s (WFP) Food For Girls’ Education Program has been tackling hunger and enrolment challenges in Yemen, where more than 60 per cent of primary school-aged children who are not in school are girls. As a result of the program, families who send their girls to school are eligible to receive an annual ration of wheat and fortified vegetable oil. Despite funding shortfalls, since 2010 the program has reached almost 200,000 girls, benefiting almost 1 million family members. India: Right to paid work benefits millions. UNDP is supporting the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Program, promoting the law passed in 2005 guaranteeing the right to a minimum of 100 days of paid work a year for landless labourers and marginal farmers. Implementation of the scheme is now providing 50 days of work a year to around 50 million households. Almost half of the beneficiaries are women. Important note: When preparing for the conference, try to find out what are the ways the country you are representing fights the poverty and hunger issues. Think about how these can be implemented on the global level. How can your country contribute to it? Relevant UNGA Resolutions Following is the list of previous resolutions that are related to the topic of BLIMUN 2014 General Assembly. You can refer to those in debates, but also in the resolution you will be drafting at the conference. Resolution 65/214. Human rights and extreme poverty Resolution 65/174. Second UN Decade for the Eradication of Poverty Resolution 65/173. Promotion of ecotourism for poverty eradication . . . Resolution 65/10. Sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth for Resolution 65/186. Realizing the Millennium Development Goals for persons Resolution 65/1. Keeping the promise: united to achieve the Millennium Useful tips Here are some general tips on how to better prepare yourself for the topic: Do a lot of research in regards to the country you are representing. You can use the government websites, national statistics institutes data, social media, newspapers, etc. In case you do not have enough English resources, ask BLIMUN 2014 chairpersons for assistance. You can use Wikipedia, but do not follow it blindly! Always check sources and use links at the bottom of the page. Take a look at the general websites that host some of the global statistics, such as World Bank, United Nations, worldometers.info, unstats.un.org etc. Be informed – read newspapers, watch tv and follow online news – make sure that you catch any news related to our topic and think about how you can use them, even if they are not directly related to the country you are representing. Try to do a research on a countries that are cooperating with the country you are representing, or are close to it in terms of its economy, political views, foreign policy etc. Be open-minded and ready to think outside the box, but do not go too far away from your country’s point of view. Cited Sources http://www.un.org/en/aboutun/ http://www.un.org/en/mainbodies/ http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/bkgd.shtml http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/hunger http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/malnutrition http://www.worldhunger.org/articles/Learn/world%20hunger%20facts%202002.htm http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unyin/documents/ydiDavidGordon_poverty.pdf http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/Goal_1_fs.pdf http://www.globalissues.org/article/26/poverty-facts-and-stats http://www.isi-web.org/component/content/article/5-root/root/81-developing http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/report-2013/mdg-report-2013-english.pdf http://www.un.org/en/ga/65/resolutions.shtml [1] For detailed rules and procedures, please refer to BLIMUN 2014 delegate handbook.

electronic payment method Essay -- essays research papers

1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction ABC Company operates telecommunications business. Management prepares to launch a new service to the market. The researchers use data mining techniques to obtain information of market profile. This paper describes how Market Basket Analysis (MBA), Memory Based Reasoning (MBR) and Neural Networks (NN) analyze the data. The data analysis methods generate valuable information for ABC Company constructing the marketing campaign. Management evaluates the business problems, and converts into the data mining problems. Then they select the right data set and inputs into the data mining models. They collect information from data mining and use it to take actions. These actions bring values to the company. Management measures the results as a feedback to the other research projects. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Business Problems Telecommunications is a heavy competitive market. All telecommunications companies offer similar products and services. ABC Company plans to launch a new service - wireless broadband Internet access. The customers access Internet using GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) through their mobile phones. Although ABC Company captures about 40% of total market share, she understands that only delivery innovative service maintains sustainable competitive advantages. The competitors such as Sunday, SmartTone also plan to delivery some new services using broadband wireless communication. ABC Company performs data analysis to capture information of customers' attitudes and market situations. Obviously, a new product delivery is a marketing problem. It is suitable to transform into data analysis problem. Management uses techniques to capture the data. Management has a better understanding to existing market. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Question 1 - Data Analysis by Market Basket Analysis 3.1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Research Objectives By using MBA, ABC Company selects data from customer database. MBA is developed from the retail business. Researchers collect data of customers to see the joint consumed products. MBA uses information about what customer purchase. MBA gives insights into the merchandise by telling the researcher which products tend to be purchased together and which are most are enable to promotion. MBA provides the information that which product customers like to buy. AB... ...  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  HK$ xxxx  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The researchers create a data set from the customer information database system. They are valuable input into the data analysis. Researchers easily extract information from the system. The researchers first determine which products that customer most desire, they are listed as following, †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Customers use Internet access †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Customers use email to transfer the message †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Customers use call forwarding †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Customers use WAP phone to browse the Internet †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Customers are the heavily users

Anthropology notes

Clan becomes important 1922 â€Å"An account of native enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea. † BOOK Synoptic chart â€Å"†¦ to collect concrete data, and accordingly I took a village census, wrote down genealogies, drew up plans, and collected the terms of kinship. But all this remained dead material, which led no further into the understanding of real native mentality or behavior†¦ † (Malinowski, B. 1922) Verandah anthropologistMalinowski is saying in order to do real anthropological research, we need to be in the environment Participant-observation â€Å"Social anthropology began in the Trobriand Islands in 1914† o Leach, Edmund R. Armchair (at home) †+ Verandah (in a distant country – Rivers) †+ Participant Observation (observing and participating in everyday field settings – Malinowski, Evans-Pritchard) Malinowski – left England, not armchair Notes and Querries Tylor was thinking of developing Armchair o When most researchers were at home It kept changingAfter Malinowski, the notes and Querries book was viewed by other people He wanted to help people to make sure they are documenting things clearly There's a focus on what to collect, what cultural content Querries about â€Å"string† (p. 286) The process of doing anthropological fieldwork o The how of anthropology o There weren't too many other sources of guidance o People still needed guidance on what to collect If there is a yearly cycle, you can see the whole thing Evans-Pritchard Didn't think notes and querries was helpfulTheorizing culture o Video that we saw â€Å"it was soon clear that if I could gain a full understanding of the meaning of this word, I should have the key to Zande philosophy' (from the video Strange Beliefs) facts in themselves are meaningless â€Å"even an idiot can produce a new tact† o thing is to product a new idea relationship between theory and data o between theory and observation these two are linked one cannot study anything without the other â€Å"in social anthropology you are studying not Just as an observer but also as a articipant.You are not Just a member of the audience: you are also on the stage. To understand the Nuer you have to go to learn to think as a Nuer, to feel as a Nuer, in a kind of way to be a Nuer. And this can't be done by any kind of scientific technique. And this is why I think the anthropologist is in a peculiar position because he is trying to interpret what he sees, not Just with the head, but with his whole personality, with his heart as well. † (from video Strange Beliefs) Levy-Bruhl Primitive Mentality Anthropology notes Clan becomes important 1922 â€Å"An account of native enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea. † BOOK Synoptic chart â€Å"†¦ to collect concrete data, and accordingly I took a village census, wrote down genealogies, drew up plans, and collected the terms of kinship. But all this remained dead material, which led no further into the understanding of real native mentality or behavior†¦ † (Malinowski, B. 1922) Verandah anthropologistMalinowski is saying in order to do real anthropological research, we need to be in the environment Participant-observation â€Å"Social anthropology began in the Trobriand Islands in 1914† o Leach, Edmund R. Armchair (at home) †+ Verandah (in a distant country – Rivers) †+ Participant Observation (observing and participating in everyday field settings – Malinowski, Evans-Pritchard) Malinowski – left England, not armchair Notes and Querries Tylor was thinking of developing Armchair o When most researchers were at home It kept changingAfter Malinowski, the notes and Querries book was viewed by other people He wanted to help people to make sure they are documenting things clearly There's a focus on what to collect, what cultural content Querries about â€Å"string† (p. 286) The process of doing anthropological fieldwork o The how of anthropology o There weren't too many other sources of guidance o People still needed guidance on what to collect If there is a yearly cycle, you can see the whole thing Evans-Pritchard Didn't think notes and querries was helpfulTheorizing culture o Video that we saw â€Å"it was soon clear that if I could gain a full understanding of the meaning of this word, I should have the key to Zande philosophy' (from the video Strange Beliefs) facts in themselves are meaningless â€Å"even an idiot can produce a new tact† o thing is to product a new idea relationship between theory and data o between theory and observation these two are linked one cannot study anything without the other â€Å"in social anthropology you are studying not Just as an observer but also as a articipant.You are not Just a member of the audience: you are also on the stage. To understand the Nuer you have to go to learn to think as a Nuer, to feel as a Nuer, in a kind of way to be a Nuer. And this can't be done by any kind of scientific technique. And this is why I think the anthropologist is in a peculiar position because he is trying to interpret what he sees, not Just with the head, but with his whole personality, with his heart as well. † (from video Strange Beliefs) Levy-Bruhl Primitive Mentality

Gun politics Essay

â€Å"This family was a victim of a problem they could have avoided-a problem that, according to Florida park rangers, hundreds of visitors suffer each year.† Several times a month,† ranger Rod Torres of O’Leno State Park said, â€Å"people get scared and leave the park in the middle of the night.† Those people picked the wrong kind of park to visit. Not that there was anything wrong with the park: The hikers camped next to them loved the wild isolation of it. But it just wasn’t the kind of place the couple from New Jersey had in mind when they decided to camp out on this trip through Florida.† Here is an example of a student model answer of an Expository Essay from The Write Source:†Did you know that 7 out of 10 students have cheated at least once in the past year? Did you know that 50 percent of those students have cheated more than twice? These shocking statistics are from a survey of 9,000 U.S. high school students.Incredibly, teacher s may even be encouraging their students to cheat! Last year at a school in Detroit, teachers allegedly provided their students with answers to statewide standard tests.†Here is an another example of an expository essay. This example comes from Essay Start:†Throughout history and through a cross-section of cultures, women have transformed their appearance to conform to a beauty ideal. Ancient Chinese aristocrats bound their feet as a show of femininity; American and European women in the 1800s cinched in their waists so tightly, some suffered internal damage; in some African cultures women continue to wear plates in their lower lips, continually stretching the skin to receive plates of larger size. The North American ideal of beauty has continually focussed on women’s bodies: the tiny waist of the Victorian period, the boyish figure in vogue during the flapper era, and the voluptuous curves that were the measure of beauty between the 1930s and 1950s. Current standards emphasize a toned, slender look, one that exudes fitness, youth, and health. According to psychologist Eva Szekely, â€Å"Having to be attractive at this time . . . means unequivocally having to be thin. In North America today, thinness is a precondition for being perceived by others and oneself as healthy† (19). However, this relentless pursuit of thinness is not just an example of women trying to look their best, it is also a struggle for control, acceptance and success.† Finally, here are excerpts from argumentative essays: â€Å"Gun control has been a controversial issue for years. A vast majority of citizens believe that if gun control is strictly enforced it would quickly reduce the threat of crime. Many innocent people feel they have the right to bear arms for protection, or even for the pleasure of hunting. These people are penalized for protecting their lives, or even for enjoying a common, innocent sport. To enforce gun control throughout the nation means violating a persons Constitutional rights. Although some people feel that the issue of gun control will limit crime, the issue should not exist due to the fact that guns are necessary for self defense against crime, and by enforcing gun control is violating a citizen’s second amendment right to bear arms.† Another examples of an argumentative essay comes from Bogazici University:†Throw out the bottles and boxes of drugs in your house. A new theory suggests that medicine could be bad for your health, which should at leastcome as good news to people who cannot afford to buy expensive medicine. However, it is a blow to the medicine industry, and an evenbigger blow to our confidence in the progress of science. This new theory argues that healing is at our fingertips: we can be healthy by doing Reikion on a regular basis.† On Essay By Example, on the other hand, the sample argumentative essay addresses online games and socialization: â€Å"Online games aren’t just a diversion, but a unique way to meet other people. As millions of gamers demonstrate, playing online is about friendship and cooperation, not just killing monsters. These games are a viable social network because players focus on teamwork, form groups with like-minded people and have romantic relationships with other players. â€Å"Massively-Multiplayer Online Games (MMOGs) feature millions of players interacting in the same environment. The games are social in nature as they allow players to band together and complete missions based on a story line, or test their skills by fighting against each other. At the start of the game, the user creates a fictional character, and customizes its physical appearance. Since many games involve combat, players also outfit their characters with armor and weapons, as well as choose their â€Å"profession.† Many popular game titles like World of Warcraft and Everquest follow a fantasy theme, so most professions have magical abilities like healing other players or raising undead minions. While the process seems simple, players may spend hours agonizing over the perfect look for their character, from their armor color to the type of  skills to use in battle. Once their character is created, the player is free to explore the vast, digital world and interact with other players; however they must pay on average $15 a month for game content. MMOG users are mostly male – usually between the ages of 18-34 – although titles like World of Warcraft have a healthy population of female players as well. With millions of players, there are plenty of people to adventure with.† The key to learning to write a good essay is to read and study other essays and then practice, practice, rewrite and practice some more

The Sarin Gas Attack on the Tokyo Subway

Terrorism has always been a part of human’s history. Although there is still no clear explanation about the act of terrorism, a terrorist and terrorism itself, it is evident that it has a drastic consequence on the society and the people’s lives. Technically, terrorism is classified as international and domestic. This paper will focus on a particular domestic terrorism – the Sarin Gas Attack on the Tokyo Subway. Included here is the account of the incident, the perpetrators, the chemical used, the victims and the long-term effect of this incident. The Sarin Gas Attack on the Tokyo Subway The Sarin Gas Attack on the Tokyo Subway was considered the worst terrorist attack in Japan. Five members of the Aum Shinrikyo armed with sarin gas executed the assault on the morning of March 20, 1995 in the busy subways of Tokyo. Five more members were waiting outside as getaway drivers. The perpetrators entered the Marunouchi, Hibiya and the Chiyoda subway lines with bags of sarin covered with newspaper. They boarded trains and released the sarin by pricking the bags with their pointed umbrellas. As the liquid nerve agent turned into gas and mixed with the air, the commuters were immediately poisoned. It resulted to 12 deaths and more than 3,000 were injured. Because sarin poisoning was still unfamiliar during that time, Japan’s medical system had a hard time diagnosing and treating the victims. Hospitals were only given information on the diagnosis and treatment through fax by Dr. Yanagisawa Nobuo who had encountered treating sarin poisoning. Today, many of the victims still suffer from the nerve agent’s after effects such as breathing problems, depression and brain damage. Aum Shinrikyo Aum Shinrikyo is the Japanese phrase for â€Å"Supreme Truth. † It is founded in 1984 by partially blind Chizuo Matsumoto, known as Master Shoko Asahara to his followers. It started as a yoga and meditation class and progressed later on. It was recognized as a religious organization in 1989 and it was called a â€Å"religion for the elite† because the recruits were mostly young graduates from the country’s premium universities. This group worships Shiva being their god and its belief is a combination of Buddhism, Taoism, tantric yoga and Asahara’s interpretation of Christianity. Their teachings have great emphasis on apocalyptic scenarios and millennial visions being Nostradamus as one of their prophets. Asahara also prophesized that Japan would soon be annihilated by biological, nuclear and chemical weapons as a part of the impending Armageddon in 1999, and only the followers of Aum Shinrikyo will survive. There are three training systems the followers must undergo in order to obtain deliverance. The first is called the tantric yoga where the recruit is taught basic yoga, ways of personal cleansing and meditation. The second is called the siddhi course where the students are taught the release of an energy called kundalini which they believed to be dwelling â€Å"in a latent state at the base of the spine† (http://encarta. msn. com). The third course is called bodha from which energy from Asahara is spiritually transferred to the disciples. They also believe that salvation can be attained by giving up material things and by offering personal riches to the organization. Aum Shinrikyo is not concentrated in Japan alone. Around the world, it has approximately 20,000 to 40,000 members. In order to financially sustain their activities and operations, the cult collects money by means of tithes, donations, selling religious stuff and other merchandises. The believers who attend the cult’s seminars and trainings are also charged with large amount of money. The cult also owns a computer factory and a chain of restaurants in Japan. Before the March 20, 1995 incident, Aum Shinrikyo has been linked with a number of other assaults. It attempted to discharge butulin toxin around the government buildings in Tokyo in April 1990. During the wedding of the crown prince in June 1993, it again made an attempt to release the same poison around the imperial palace. On June 27, 1994, a several members of the cult released a cloud of sarin in a residential area of Matsumoto, a city located northwest of Tokyo. Seven people died and five hundred more were hospitalized. What followed here was the most tragic attack which became the eye-opener to the great possibility of chemical agents as weapon of mass destruction. The Main Perpetrators The following are five groups of the ten members of Aum Shinrikyo responsible for the March 20, 1995 attack: Ikuo Hayashi and his driver Tomomitsu Niimi †¢ Kenichi Hirose and his driver Koichi Kitamura †¢ Toru Toyoda and his driver Katsuya Takahashi †¢ Masato Yokoyama and his driver Kiyotaka Tonozako †¢ Yasuo Hayashi and his driver Shigeo Sumimoto Ikuo Hayashi was a heart and artery specialist doctor before he joined Aum Shinrikyo in 1990. He left his family and his job and followed Asahara and became the Minister of Healing. He handled members who were suspected for betrayal by administering electric shocks and sodium pentothal. He was assigned to execute the assault on the Chiyoda line. He boarded the southwestbound train and pierced the bag of chemical at Shin-ochanomuzu station. This resulted to two deaths and 231 people were injured. After the incident at the subways, he was given a sentence of life imprisonment. His driver, Tomomitsu Niimi was sentenced to death. Prior to joining Aum Shinrikyo, Kenichi Hirose was a â€Å"holder of a postgraduate degree in Physics from Waseda University† (Wikipedia). He had major contribution in the cult’s Chemical Brigade and Automatic Light Weapon Development system. He was assigned to release the chemical on the westbound Marunochi line headed to Ogikubo. He boarded the train and punctured the bag of sarin at the Ochanomizu station. One died and 358 suffered from the toxin. He himself was affected by the sarin that he discharged but was able to inject himself with the antidote, atropine sulphate, and was given medical attention at the cult’s headquarters. Toru Toyoda was also a member of the Chemical Brigade of Aum Shinrikyo. He was an applied physics graduate from Tokyo University before he became an Aum’s disciple. The northeastbound Hibiya line was the assignment of Toyoda. He boarded the train going to Tobu-dobutsukoen and released sarin at Ebisu. This resulted to one death and 532 serious injuries. He was also sentenced to death after this attack. Masato Yokoyama was the Undersecretary of the cult’s Ministry of Science and Technology and one of the contributories of their Automatic Light Weapons Manufacturing system. Prior to becoming Aum’s member, he was an applied physics graduate of Tokai University. He was assigned at the Ikeburo-bound Marunouchi line. He boarded the train at Shinjuku and punctured his bag of sarin at Yotsuya. The agent evaporated slowly because he was only able to pierce one hole. He was given death sentence after this incident. Yasuo Hayashi held the third highest position in Aum’s Ministry of Science and Technology. He graduated from Kogakuin Univeristy with a degree in artificial intelligence. He was assigned to release sarin at the southwestbound Hibiya line leaving Kita-senju headed to Naka-meguro. He punctured the bags of sarin at Akihabara. Because of the number of punctures he made, commuters were instantly affected by the chemical. This resulted to 8 deaths and 275 serious injuries. He was also sentenced to death after the incident as well as his getaway driver Shigeo Sugimoto. After this assault, Aum Shinrikyo’s assests were taken away from the group as well as its status as a religious organization. Sarin Asahara ordered his members to mass produce sarin in 1993 and the chemical plant started to operate in 1994. Originally, sarin was developed to be used as a pesticide. It was first made in Germany in 1938 and it is not organic. It is colorless, odorless and tasteless liquid that mix into the air when vaporized. It is now considered as a chemical warfare agent under the category of a nerve agent. Nerve agents are the deadliest and fastest acting chemical warfare agents. These are comparable to insect killers, organophosphates, because of the hazards that they bring. Because of the nature of sarin, humans are vulnerable to the fatal effects of this chemical. There are various means that a person can be exposed to this. Once it vaporized into the air, a person can contract sarin through the eyes, skin and nose. If sarin is mixed in water, a person can be poisoned by drinking or even touching the water. Solid food can also be tainted with sarin which is also lethal if eaten. People situated at lower grounds tend to have greater exposure to sarin because of its dense vapor. The degree of toxicity brought by sarin can be determined by the person’s manner of exposure to the chemical, the amount of the chemical and how long was the person’s exposure. If a person is exposed to sarin in its vapor form, the symptoms will be obvious within a few seconds. If it is in the liquid form, on the other hand, the symptoms will show within a few minutes up to 18 hours. Generally, nerve agents work by inhibiting the chemicals in the body to perform its function as the regulator of the muscles and glands. Once the effects of sarin take place, the muscles and glands will no longer be slowed down resulting to fatigue and breathing difficulty. Of all the nerve agents, sarin is the fastest to change its form from liquid into gas and scatter into the air. Due to this characteristic, its effects take place instantly but short-term. The following are the signs and symptoms of exposure to a small or average dose of sarin: †¢ Runny nose †¢ Watery eyes †¢ Small, pinpoint pupils †¢ Eye pain †¢ Blurred vision †¢ Drooling and excessive sweating †¢ Cough †¢ Chest tightness †¢ Rapid breathing †¢ Diarrhea †¢ Increased urination †¢ Confusion †¢ Drowsiness Weakness †¢ Headache †¢ Nausea, vomiting †¢ Slow or fast heart rate †¢ Low or high blood pressure The following are the signs and symptoms of exposure to high doses of sarin: †¢ Loss of consciousness †¢ Convulsions †¢ Paralysis †¢ Respiratory fail ure possibly leading to death (http://terrorism. about. com) Sarin Poisoning Victims According to survey conducted about the sarin gas poisoning victims, year after the incident, more than 17% of the respondents still suffer from mental and emotional stress. Of the 5,300 individuals spoken to, only 1,500 agreed to respond to the survey, signifying that they are still disturbed by the incident. Of the respondents, many experience â€Å"flashbacks to the event and panic attacks when boarding trains† (www. factnet. org). Although majority of the victims still endure constant eye strain and other physical ailments, the most vital point is the mental distress. A large number of the victims still â€Å"worry about getting involved in a similar incident†; â€Å"feel sad when I encounter something that reminds me of the incident†; and â€Å"try not to think about anything related to the incident† (www. factnet. org). Aum Shinrikyo Today After the attack on March 20, 1995, Aum Shinrikyo changed its name to Aleph and it had a new leader, Fumihiro Joyu. Joyu declared that the group gave up its illicit interests and violent practice. Aleph also gave out about 2. 5 million dollars for the victims of the assault. But being on the list of terrorists, they are still being monitored in the conviction that it still has malicious objectives. Its members are now ranging approximately from 1,500 to 2,000 who communicate through the Internet and videoconference. Most of its followers are in Japan and some are in Russia despite the ban imposed to the cult. Although the group gained negative image, it is still onto progressive recruitment and publicity. In order to sustain their activities, they maintain their method of earning money such as soliciting donations, selling religious paraphernalia, collecting tithes, conducting training and seminars and selling computers, which is the most productive source of funds. They are able to destabilize competitors by â€Å"producing cheap software and computers written and assembled by dedicated and low-waged cult members† (www. cdi. org). The possibility of manufacturing chemical and biological weapons is now very small since the abolishment of the group’s chemical facilities in a number of raids. There are still debates, though, about the implications that this cult may have brought in about terrorism especially with the use of chemical agents as weapons of mass destruction. Incidents such as this show how people underestimate terrorism. Japan is a country who has relatively low crime rate and Aum Shinrikyu is considered a religious organization which is expected to exhibit acts of good intentions. This incident calls for a broader perspective on terrorism as well as extra vigilance on the possibility of violence inflicted to a large number of people with the use of weapons of mass destruction.